《科学》（20260716出版）一周论文导读
编译｜未玖
SCIENCE, 16 Jul 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6808
《科学》，2026年7月16日，第393卷，6808期
物理学Physics
Production and spectroscopy of cold radioactive molecules
冷放射性分子的制备与光谱学研究
▲ 作者：Chandler J. Conn, Phelan Yu, Madison I. Howard, Yuxi Yang, Chaoqun Zhang, Arian Jadbabaie, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea9413
▲摘要：
含有重放射性核的分子有望对基础核物理和粒子物理表现出极高的灵敏度。然而，这些核素的可获取量有限，难以大规模应用于精密测量。
研究组展示了通过结合痕量放射性靶制备方案、低温缓冲气体中的光驱动化学以及低背景光谱检测方法，在台式装置中实现了氢氧化镭、氘氧化镭和一氟化镭分子（226RaOH、226RaOD和226RaF）的气相合成、低温冷却和高分辨激光光谱研究。
这些分子在实验室框架中冷却，创造了与当前许多分子精密测量和量子信息实验相同的起始条件。该方法可广泛应用于多类物种，并为奇特原子核的分子量子传感建立了关键能力。
▲ Abstract：
Molecules with heavy, radioactive nuclei promise extreme sensitivity to fundamental nuclear and particle physics. However, these nuclei are available in limited quantities, which challenges their use in precision measurements. Here we demonstrate the gas-phase synthesis, cryogenic cooling, and high-resolution laser spectroscopy of radium monohydroxide, monodeuteroxide, and monofluoride molecules (226RaOH, 226RaOD, and226RaF) in a tabletop apparatus by combining trace radioactive target production protocols, optically driven chemistry in a cryogenic buffer gas, and low-background spectroscopic detection methods. The molecules are cooled in the lab frame, creating conditions that are the same starting points as those for many current molecular precision measurement and quantum information experiments. This approach can be readily applied to a wide range of species and establishes key capabilities for molecular quantum sensing of exotic nuclei.
Robust single-electron memory with quantum states manipulation
量子态操控的稳健单电子存储器
▲ 作者：Chunsen Liu, Yutong Xiang, Chong Wang and Peng Zhou
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeg6638
▲摘要：
信息存储的终极目标是实现单电子存储器。量子力学预言，通过将单个电子限制在超小空间内，可以实现两个可区分的量子态。然而，将器件尺寸缩小的同时，反而会放大边缘电容效应，这阻碍了单电子存储器的实验观察。
研究组报道了一种基于共面漏极-沟道-源极结构的二维单电子存储器件，该结构抑制了边缘电容效应，在单电子改变后表现出0.5伏的非易失性阈值电压偏移。
关于编程电压，研究组验证了两个有趣的量子行为。此外还预测并观测到一种独特的量子记忆效应：量子态被态密度“剪刀”所截断。
▲ Abstract：
The ultimate goal of information storage is single-electron memory. Quantum mechanics predicts that two distinguishable quantum states can be realized by confining a single electron within an ultrasmall space. However, scaling down such devices paradoxically amplifies fringe capacitance effects, which hinders the experimental observation of single-electron memory. We report a two-dimensional single-electron memory device based on a coplanar drain-channel-source structure that suppressed fringe capacitance, exhibiting a nonvolatile threshold voltage shift of 0.5 volts after the change of a single electron. Two intriguing quantum behaviors have also been verified regarding the programming voltage. Additionally, we have predicted and observed a distinctive quantum memory effect: A quantum state is cut off by density of states scissors.
材料科学Materials Science
Surface-dominant transport in Weyl semimetal NbAs nanowires for next-generation interconnects
Weyl半金属NbAs纳米线的表面主导输运助力下一代互连
▲ 作者：Yeryun Cheon, Mehrdad T. Kiani, Yi-Hsin Tu, Sushant Kumar, Nghiep Khoan Duong, Jiyoung Kim, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx3027
▲摘要：
对更小、更节能电子器件的持续需求，促使人们寻找在尺寸减小时具有更低电阻率的替代互连材料。
研究组报道了通过热机械纳米模塑法合成的Weyl半金属砷化铌（NbAs）纳米线，其具有单晶性，直径可控制在40纳米。NbAs纳米线的电阻率随直径减小而降低，直径为40纳米的纳米线在室温下的电阻率为10.5±1.9微欧·厘米，比其块体材料低约70%。
计算结果将这种电阻率降低归因于有限温度下具有长载流子寿命的表面主导导电。对纳米线和块体晶体的进一步表征显示其具有高击穿电流密度、稳定性和热导率。这些特性凸显了NbAs纳米线作为下一代互连材料的潜力，有望超越当前铜基互连的局限性。
▲ Abstract：
Ongoing demands for smaller and more energy-efficient electronic devices necessitate alternative interconnect materials with lower electrical resistivity at reduced dimensions. We report the synthesis of Weyl semimetal niobium arsenide (NbAs) nanowires through thermomechanical nanomolding with single crystallinity and controlled diameters down to 40 nanometers. The resistivity of NbAs nanowires decreases with decreasing diameter, and 40-nanometer-diameter nanowires exhibited a room-temperature resistivity of 10.5 ± 1.9 microhm·centimeters, which is ~70% lower than their bulk counterpart. Calculations attribute this resistivity reduction to surface-dominant conduction with a long carrier lifetime at finite temperatures. Further characterization of nanowires and bulk crystals revealed high breakdown current density, stability, and thermal conductivity. These properties highlight the potential of NbAs nanowires as next-generation interconnects that could surpass the limitations of current copper-based interconnects.
Spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization for ambient scalable perovskite photovoltaics
环境可扩展钙钛矿光伏的时空均匀结晶
▲ 作者：Binlou Gao, Yang Zhong, Xiao Luo, Jiacheng He, Junxi Guo, Xueying Wang, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef1969
▲摘要：
钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）的商业化需要在环境条件下可扩展沉积均匀的钙钛矿薄膜。然而，在长时间涂覆过程中，亚稳钙钛矿的空间非均匀退化会导致薄膜不均匀性。
研究组展示了通过锁相策略实现的α相FAPbI3（其中FA为甲脒）时空均匀结晶，该策略在大面积涂覆过程中建立了一个动态演化、具有湿度缓冲作用的晶间网络。该方法避免了环境湿度引起的过早退化，消除了方向不均匀性。
刮涂法制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池实现了26.7%的光电转换效率（认证PCE为26.1%），刚性和柔性100平方厘米组件分别达到21.5%和19.5%。改善的形貌均匀性缓解了局部退化，并抑制了自放大老化路径。在环境空气中85℃最大功率点跟踪1500小时后，封装器件仍保持90%以上的初始PCE。
▲ Abstract：
Commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) will likely require the scalable deposition of homogeneous perovskite films under ambient conditions. However, the spatially heterogeneous degradation of metastable perovskites during prolonged coating leads to nonuniformity. Here, we demonstrate spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization of α-phase FAPbI3(where FA is formamidinium) enabled by a phase-locking strategy that establishes a dynamically evolving, moisture-buffering intergranular network during large-area printing. This method prevents the premature degradation caused by ambient humidity, eliminating directional inhomogeneity. Blade-coated PSCs achieved a 26.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE; 26.1% certified), and rigid and flexible 100-square-centimeter modules reached 21.5 and 19.5%, respectively. Improved morphological homogeneity mitigated localized degradation and suppressed self-amplifying aging pathways. Encapsulated devices retained more than 90% of their initial PCE after 1500 hours of 85°C maximum power point tracking in ambient air.
地球科学Earth Science
Drying of the Aral Sea reshapes the anthropogenic carbon inventory of Central Asia
咸海的干涸重塑了中亚地区的人为碳清单
▲ 作者：Rafael Marcé, Daniel Diaz de-Quijano, Sofía Rodríguez-Gómez, Enrique Moreno-Ostos, Makhambet Mukhtar, Bj?rn Wissel, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb2344
▲摘要：
湖泊在沉积物中储存大量碳，对气候调节具有重要作用。然而，湖泊干涸后这些碳的归宿尚不清楚。
研究组采用时空替代方法，结合沉积物岩芯、二氧化碳通量测量和遥感数据，量化了世界上最大的干涸湖泊（咸海）的有机碳损失。自1960年以来，暴露的湖床沉积物已释放204±53太克碳（Tg C），而植被生长抵消的碳不足1%。
纳入这些碳排放会改变区域碳预算，使咸海盆地从假设的土地利用变化碳汇转变为净碳源。若湖泊水位恢复，则可避免额外165±13 Tg C的释放，这使得湖泊恢复不仅是一项生态和人道主义要务，也是一次气候减缓的机遇。
▲ Abstract：
Lakes store large quantities of carbon in their sediments, contributing to climate regulation. Yet the fate of this carbon after lake desiccation remains unclear. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, combining sediment cores, carbon dioxide flux measurements, and remote sensing, we quantified organic carbon losses from the world’s largest desiccated lake, the Aral Sea. Since 1960, exposed lake bed sediments have released 204 ± 53 teragrams of carbon (Tg C), with vegetation growth offsetting less than 1%. Incorporating these emissions alters the regional carbon budget, transforming the Aral Sea basin from a presumed land-use-change carbon sink into a net source. Reflooding the sea could prevent an additional 165 ± 13 Tg C release, reframing restoration not only as an ecological and humanitarian imperative but also as a climate mitigation opportunity.
Cyclic sealing and drainage on an oceanic transform fault
海洋转换断层上的循环封闭与排驱
▲ 作者：Hao Yang, Lingling Ye and Haijiang Zhang
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed5665
▲摘要：
海洋转换断层一直被认为是保守且以剪切为主的边界，但其靠近岩浆系统意味着有流体的参与。
在这项工作中，研究组在东太平洋海岭沿线的戈法转换断层发现了受潮汐调制的震颤。在稀疏地震活动和低原位压缩与剪切波速比（Vp/Vs）期间，震颤幅度与半日潮汐相关，但这种相关性在伴随着高Vp/Vs的地震群活动之后减弱。
研究组提出了一种类似阀门的密封-排驱动态过程：密封圈闭挥发分并增强潮汐敏感性，维持震颤活动，直至破裂打开高孔隙度和高渗透率通道，从而平息震颤、触发微地震，并通过热液再密封重置系统。
因此，转换断层很可能具备渗透性和潮汐临界敏感性，其能量释放以震颤和破裂交替振荡的方式进行，并受岩浆挥发分供给和再封闭作用的调控。
▲ Abstract：
Oceanic transform faults have been considered conservative, shear-dominated boundaries, yet their proximity to magmatic systems implies fluid involvement. In this work, we discovered tidally modulated tremor at the Gofar transform fault along the East Pacific Rise. Tremor amplitude correlates with semidiurnal tides during periods of sparse seismicity and low in situ compressional to shear wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), but this correlation weakens following earthquake swarms accompanied by high Vp/Vs. We propose a valve-like sealing-drainage dynamic process where sealing traps volatiles and boosts tidal sensitivity, sustaining tremor activity until rupture opens high porosity and permeability pathways, which silences tremors, triggers microseismicity, and resets the system through hydrothermal resealing. Thus, transform faults are likely permeable and tide critical, with energy release oscillating between tremors and rupture, paced by magmatic volatile supply and healing.
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