《科学》（20240119出版）一周论文导读
编译｜李言
Science, 19 JAN 2024, Volume 383 Issue 6680
《科学》，2024年1月19日，第383卷，6680期
天文学Astronomy
A pulsar in a binary with a compact object in the mass gap between neutron stars and black holes
在中子星和黑洞之间的质量间隙中有致密物体的双星系统脉冲星
▲ 作者：EWAN D. BARR, ARUNIMA DUTTA et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg3005
▲ 摘要：
在引力波事件中观测到的一些致密物体的质量，介于已知的中子星（NSs）和黑洞（BHs）之间。这些质量间隙天体的性质是未知的，它们的宿主双星系统的形成也是未知的。
我们报告了用MeerKAT对PSR J0514-4002E进行的脉冲星计时观测。PSR J0514-4002E是球状星团NGC 1851中的一颗偏心双毫秒脉冲星。我们发现双星的总质量为3.887±0.004太阳质量（M⊙），多波长观测表明，这颗脉冲星的双星伴星也是一个致密的天体。
该伴星的质量处于质量间隙中，表明这是一个非常大质量的中子星，或是一个低质量的黑洞。我们认为伴星是由两个早期的中子星合并形成的。
▲ Abstract：
Some compact objects observed in gravitational wave events have masses in the gap between known neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs). The nature of these mass gap objects is unknown, as is the formation of their host binary systems. We report pulsar timing observations made with the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) of PSR J0514-4002E, an eccentric binary millisecond pulsar in the globular cluster NGC 1851. We found a total binary mass of 3.887 ± 0.004 solar masses (M⊙), and multiwavelength observations show that the pulsar’s binary companion is also a compact object. The companion’s mass (2.09 to 2.71 M⊙, 95% confidence interval) is in the mass gap, indicating either a very massive NS or a low-mass BH. We propose that the companion formed in a merger between two earlier NSs.
物理学Physcis
Logical states for fault-tolerant quantum computation with propagating light
具有传播光容错量子计算的逻辑状态
▲ 作者：SHUNYA KONNO, WARIT ASAVANANT et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk7560
▲ 摘要：
到目前为止，GKP量子比特只在机械和微波频率下得到了证明。我们实现了光在通信波长传播时的GKP状态，并通过无损耗校正的差测进行了验证。生成过程基于猫态干涉，然后进行零差测量。
我们的最终态表现出非经典性和非高斯性，包括微弱的GKP态实例的三叉戟形状。向更亮、多峰GKP量子比特的改进将成为光量子计算的基础。
▲ Abstract：
To date, however, GKP qubits have been demonstrated only at mechanical and microwave frequencies. We realized a GKP state in propagating light at telecommunication wavelength and verified it through homodyne measurements without loss corrections. The generation is based on interference of cat states, followed by homodyne measurements. Our final states exhibit nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity, including the trident shape of faint instances of GKP states. Improvements toward brighter, multipeaked GKP qubits will be the basis for quantum computation with light.
生物学Biology
The global distribution of plants used by humans
人类使用植物的全球分布
▲ 作者：S. PIRONON, I. ONDO et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8028
▲ 摘要：
在此，我们调查了35687种人类利用的植物物种的全球分布，包括10种用途（如食品、医药、材料）。我们的研究结果表明，利用植物多样性与总植物多样性之间存在普遍的一致性，这促进了物种多样性保护及其对人类的贡献的潜力。
尽管中美洲、非洲之角和南亚的土著土地拥有不成比例的利用植物多样性，但保护区的出现率与利用物种丰富度呈负相关。寻找保护利用植物和传统知识集中地区的机制必须成为实施《昆明—蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的优先事项。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we investigate the global distribution of 35,687 utilized plant species spanning 10 use categories (e.g., food, medicine, material). Our findings indicate general concordance between utilized and total plant diversity, supporting the potential for simultaneously conserving species diversity and its contributions to people. Although Indigenous lands across Mesoamerica, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Asia harbor a disproportionate diversity of utilized plants, the incidence of protected areas is negatively correlated with utilized species richness. Finding mechanisms to preserve areas containing concentrations of utilized plants and traditional knowledge must become a priority for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
地球科学Earth Science
Surface deformations of the 6 February 2023 earthquake sequence, eastern Türkiye
2023年2月6日土耳其东部地震序列的地表变形
▲ 作者：JIANNAN MENG, TIMOTHY KUSKY et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj3770
▲ 摘要：
2023年2月6日，两次强烈地震袭击了土耳其。最初的破裂发生在死海断裂带，24秒后，当破裂转移到东安纳托利亚断裂带（EAFZ）时，发生了最大位移和能量释放[矩量级(Mw)7.8]。7个多小时后，EAFZ与东西走向的?ardak-Sürgü断层交界处发生了4.5级余震，86分钟后发生了第二次大地震，表明两者之间存在因果关系。
我们提供了滑坡断层的地表偏移量和运动学的定量地面和航空文件，提供了大型大陆走滑地震期间地表变形、破裂传播机制以及滑移如何在复杂断层系统之间转移的重要数据。我们还提供了关于沿着相连断层系统滑动是如何适应全球板块运动的见解。
▲ Abstract：
Two powerful earthquakes struck Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The initial rupture was on the Dead Sea fault zone, yet maximum displacements and energy release [moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8] occurred 24 seconds later when rupture transferred to the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ). More than 7 hours later, a Mw 4.5 aftershock at the junction of the EAFZ with the east-west striking ?ardak-Sürgü fault was followed 86 minutes later by the second large (Mw 7.5) earthquake, suggesting a causal relationship. We provide quantitative ground and aerial documentation of surface offsets and kinematics from the slipped faults, providing important data on surface deformation during large continental strike-slip earthquakes, rupture propagation mechanisms, and how slip may be transferred between complex fault systems. We also provide insight into how slip along linked fault systems accommodates global plate motions.
Supershear triggering and cascading fault ruptures of the 2023 Kahramanmara, Türkiye, earthquake doublet
2023年土耳其双重地震的超剪切诱发和级联断层破裂
▲ 作者：CHUNMEI REN, ZEXIN WANG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1519
▲ 摘要：
2023年2月6日，两次大地震（震级为7.8级和7.6级）震撼了叙利亚东南部和北部的广大地区，造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。为了研究多个断层段的破裂过程，我们对当地地震和大地测量数据进行了综合分析，确定了初始分支上的超剪切破裂和事件1 Amanos段上的PazarcIk、Erkenek段以及亚剪切破裂。
事件2的双侧破裂也表现出明显的亚剪切速度和超剪切速度。分支断层破裂的动态应力在两条断层交界处以西9公里处触发Pazarck段初始破裂，促进主断层Pazarck段的超剪切破裂。多个节段的几何形状和预应力水平控制着断裂行为，并影响地震动强度。
▲ Abstract：
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes (moment magnitude 7.8 and 7.6) shocked a vast area of southeastern Türkiye and northern Syria, leading to heavy casualties and economic loss. To investigate the rupture process over multiple fault segments, we performed a comprehensive analysis of local seismic and geodetic data and determined supershear ruptures on the initial branch and the Pazarck and Erkenek segments and subshear ruptures on the Amanos segment of event 1. The bilateral rupture of event 2 also presents distinct sub- and supershear velocities. The dynamic stress of the branch fault rupture triggered the Pazarck segment initial rupture at a point 9 kilometers west of the junction of these two faults, boosting the supershear rupture of the Pazarck segment of the main fault. The geometry and prestress level of multiple segments controlled the rupture behaviors and influenced the ground shaking intensity.
医学Medicine
Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid
长新冠中持续性补体失调以及血栓炎症迹象
▲ 作者：CARLO CERVIA-HASLER, SARAH C. BR?NINGK et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7942
▲ 摘要：
长新冠肺炎令人衰弱，且病因不明。我们对确诊为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2感染后随访12个月的COVID-19患者的血清进行了多模式蛋白质组学分析。对268个纵向样本中超过6500种蛋白质的分析显示，在经历长冠的个体中补体系统激活失调。
因此，活跃性长新冠的特征是末端补体系统失调和替代补体途径和经典补体途径的持续激活，后者与几种疱疹病毒的抗体滴度增加有关，可能刺激了这一途径。
此外，溶血、组织损伤、血小板活化和单核细胞血小板聚集的标志物在长新冠病例中升高。机器学习证实，补体蛋白和血栓炎性蛋白是最重要的生物标志物，有必要对这些系统进行诊断和治疗。
▲ Abstract：
Long Covid is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology. We performed multimodal proteomics analyses of blood serum from COVID-19 patients followed up to 12 months after confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Analysis of >6500 proteins in 268 longitudinal samples revealed dysregulated activation of the complement system, an innate immune protection and homeostasis mechanism, in individuals experiencing Long Covid. Thus, active Long Covid was characterized by terminal complement system dysregulation and ongoing activation of the alternative and classical complement pathways, the latter associated with increased antibody titers against several herpesviruses possibly stimulating this pathway. Moreover, markers of hemolysis, tissue injury, platelet activation, and monocyte–platelet aggregates were increased in Long Covid. Machine learning confirmed complement and thromboinflammatory proteins as top biomarkers, warranting diagnostic and therapeutic interrogation of these systems.
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