《科学》（20260305出版）一周论文导读
编译｜李言
Science, 5 Mar 2026, VOL 391, ISSUE 6789
《科学》2026年3月5日，第391卷，6789期
材料科学Material Sciences
Irregular hierarchical-porous polymer for high-performance soft thermoelectrics
用于高性能柔性热电材料的不规则多级孔聚合物
▲ 作者：Xiao Zhang, Dongyang Wang et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx9237
▲摘要：
聚合物热电材料作为一种本质柔软、成本低廉且轻质的解决方案，可将广泛存在的热源转化为可持续电能。然而，其实际应用受限于性能不足及规模化制备的复杂性。
研究者提出了一种具有不规则多级孔结构的热电聚合物，其特点在于孔隙形状与分布不规则，孔径范围从不足10纳米跨越至微米级。这种多孔结构不仅能增强类声子多重散射，将晶格热导率降低72%，还意外地通过纳米限域效应诱导结晶优化，改善了电荷传输性能。
优化后的薄膜在343开尔文温度下，其热电优值（zT）达到1.64的基准水平。此外，该制备方法与易于规模化喷涂工艺相兼容。
▲ Abstract：
Polymer thermoelectrics offer an inherently soft, cost-effective, and lightweight solution to convert ubiquitous heat sources into sustainable electricity. However, their realistic applications are hindered by insufficient performance and the scaling complexity. We introduce irregular hierarchical-porous thermoelectric polymers, featuring irregularly shaped and distributed pores with diameters that range from less than 10 nanometers to micrometers. This porous structure not only enhances multiple phonon-like scattering, achieving a 72% reduction in lattice thermal conductivity, but also unexpectedly improves charge transport through nanoconfinement-enhanced crystallization. The optimized film yields a benchmark figure-of-merit zT of 1.64 at 343 kelvin. Moreover, this method is compatible with easy-to-process spray-coating techniques.
生物学Biology
Targeting amyloid-β pathology by chimeric antigen receptor astrocyte (CAR-A) therapy
嵌合抗原受体星形胶质细胞疗法靶向淀粉样蛋白-β病理
▲ 作者：Yun Chen, Yizhou Liu et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads3972
▲摘要：
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是导致痴呆症的主要原因，其病理特征表现为进行性的淀粉样蛋白沉积，继而引发tau蛋白介导的神经退行性变。尽管抗淀粉样蛋白免疫疗法已取得进展，但仍存在重要局限性，亟需开发新的治疗策略。
研究者提出在星形胶质细胞中表达抗淀粉样蛋白嵌合抗原受体（CAR-A），并在体外验证了其功能。研究者证实，两种CAR-A设计在斑块形成后仍能减少淀粉样蛋白及相关病理改变，并在体内阻止早期斑块沉积。单核RNA测序显示，CAR-A治疗可诱导针对淀粉样蛋白病理的独特胶质细胞应答，该过程涉及星形胶质细胞与小胶质细胞的协同作用。
此外，每种CAR-A设计还在星形胶质细胞或小胶质细胞中引发独特的受体特异性效应。综上，这些发现支持CAR-A作为阿尔茨海默病疾病疗法的潜力。
▲ Abstract：
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by progressive amyloid accumulation followed by tau-mediated neurodegeneration. Despite advances in anti-amyloid immunotherapies, important limitations remain, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies. Here, we introduce anti-amyloid chimeric antigen receptors expressed in astrocytes (CAR-A) and validate their function in vitro. We show that two CAR-A designs reduce amyloid and associated pathology after plaque formation and prevent early plaque deposition in vivo. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing shows that CAR-A treatment induces a distinct glial response to amyloid pathology involving coordinated activity of astrocytes and microglia. Each construct additionally elicits distinctive, receptor-specific effects in astrocytes or microglia. Together, these findings support the therapeutic potential of CAR-A as a disease-modifying strategy for AD.
A small polymerase ribozyme that can synthesize itself and its complementary strand
一种能合成自身及其互补链的小型聚合酶核酶
▲ 作者：Edoardo Gianni, Samantha L. Y. Kwok et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2760
▲摘要：
能够实现自我复制与进化的化学体系的出现，是生命起源的关键事件。RNA聚合酶核酶虽能复制RNA，但其分子量大、结构复杂，阻碍了自我复制的实现，也使其难以自发形成。
研究者从随机序列库中发现了45个核苷酸聚合酶核酶QT45。在弱碱性共晶冰体系中，该核酶能以三核苷三磷酸为底物，催化通用型的RNA模板依赖性合成。QT45能利用随机三核苷酸库合成其互补链（单核苷酸保真度达94.1%），也能利用特定底物合成自身拷贝，两者在72天内的产率均约为0.2%。
在一个小型RNA基序中发现聚合酶活性，表明RNA序列空间中聚合酶核酶的丰度远超此前认知。
▲ Abstract：
The emergence of a chemical system capable of self-replication and evolution is a critical event in the origin of life. RNA polymerase ribozymes can replicate RNA, but their large size and structural complexity impede self-replication and preclude their spontaneous emergence. Here, we describe QT45, a 45-nucleotide polymerase ribozyme, discovered from random sequence pools, that catalyzes general RNA-templated RNA synthesis using trinucleotide triphosphate (triplet) substrates in mildly alkaline eutectic ice. QT45 can synthesize both its complementary strand using a random triplet pool at 94.1% per-nucleotide fidelity and a copy of itself using defined substrates, both with yields of ~0.2% in 72 days. The discovery of polymerase activity in a small RNA motif suggests that polymerase ribozymes are more abundant in RNA sequence space than previously thought.
地球科学Earth Sciences
Democratizing climate change mitigation pathways using modernized stabilization wedges
运用现代化稳定楔概念推动气候变化减缓路径的实现
▲ 作者：Nathan Johnson and Iain Staffell
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2118
▲摘要：
减缓气候变化需要广泛的社会共识。综合评估模型（IAMs）虽能提供成本最优的减排路径，但其复杂性导致难以根据个体偏好进行定制化调整。二十年前提出的稳定楔分析框架为讨论脱碳问题提供了更简化的思路。
研究者对该框架进行了现代化升级，制定出36项具体措施，每项策略到2050年具备减排全球4%排放量的潜力，并量化了其所需的实施规模。公众可通过组合这些策略构建个性化的脱碳路径，超过6万亿种组合方式均能将全球变暖控制在1.5℃以内。
研究者评估了综合评估模型偏好的策略组合，发现其优先选择技术类方案而非行为改变或基于自然的解决方案，且模型间共识度有限。本框架通过提供超越成本优化的知情选择，使普通公众能够参与构建和讨论减排方法。
▲ Abstract：
Mitigating climate change requires broad societal buy-in. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) produce cost-optimal pathways, but these are complex and not easily customized to reflect individuals’ preferences. Twenty years ago, the stabilization wedge framework introduced a simpler way to discuss decarbonization. Here, we modernized this framework, identifying 36 strategies, each with the potential to mitigate 4% of global emissions by 2050, and quantified their required scale of deployment. People can build personalized decarbonization pathways by choosing a portfolio of these strategies, with more than 6 trillion combinations that are able to limit global warming to 1.5°C. We assessed which strategies IAMs favor and found that they prioritize technological over behavioral and nature-based solutions, with limited agreement. This framework empowers a general audience to construct and debate pathways, by making informed choices that reflect objectives beyond cost-optimization.
Climate change will increase forest disturbances in Europe throughout the 21st century
气候变化将加剧21世纪欧洲的森林扰动
▲ 作者：Marc Grünig, Werner Rammer et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6329
▲摘要：
野火、虫灾和风暴会导致大量树木死亡。气候变化正在加剧这些森林扰动，但其未来的规模和范围仍存在不确定性。
研究者利用基于深度学习的模拟框架，以100米分辨率模拟了欧洲未来森林扰动格局。结果表明，在整个21世纪，森林扰动将持续加剧：在气候变化持续未减缓的情景下，受干扰面积将较近期增加一倍以上。野火是驱动未来扰动变化的主要因素。扰动格局的改变导致幼龄林面积增加，显著改变了欧洲的森林年龄结构。
鉴于其对森林碳汇能力及生态系统栖息地价值的深远影响，扰动问题应成为森林政策与管理优先关注的领域。
▲ Abstract：
Wildfires, insect outbreaks, and storms cause large pulses of tree mortality. Climate change amplifies these forest disturbances, yet their future magnitude and extent remain uncertain. Here, we simulated future forest disturbance regimes at 100-meter resolution across Europe using a deep learning–based simulation framework. Our results show that forest disturbances will continue to increase throughout the 21st century, with disturbed areas more than doubling relative to the recent past under an unabated continuation of climate change. Wildfires are the main agent driving future disturbance change. Changing disturbances result in an increase in young forests, substantially altering Europe’s forest demography. Because of their profound implications for forest carbon storage and the habitat value of forest ecosystems, disturbances should be a priority of forest policy and management.
动物学Zoology
Repeated convergent evolution of bradykinin mimics as defensive toxins
缓激素模拟物作为防御性毒素的反复趋同进化
▲ 作者：Naiqi Shi, Axel Touchard et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx0452
▲摘要：
自然选择可通过趋同进化驱动相似性状的演化。此前的研究已证实，在膜翅目蜂类的毒液与无尾目蛙类的皮肤分泌物中，分别存在与脊椎动物激素缓激肽完全相同的短肽序列。
研究者表明，膜翅目毒液与无尾目皮肤分泌物中缓激肽样肽的编码基因并非与脊椎动物激素基因共享祖先，而是独立多次从肽类毒素基因演化而来。这些肽类对脊椎动物捕食者具有防御功能，其与缓激肽的相似性是由于选择压力驱动其在捕食者受体上保持高效活性所致。
该发现揭示了自然选择如何驱动远缘物种间独立演化出相似的分子。传与生化基础，强调了细胞信号网络如何编码时间生态位选择等复杂表型。
▲ Abstract：
Natural selection can drive the evolution of similar traits through convergent evolution. Short peptides identical to the vertebrate hormone bradykinin (BK) have been reported from the venoms and skin secretions of certain species of wasps (order Hymenoptera) and frogs (order Anura), respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that the genes encoding the BK-like peptides of hymenopteran venoms and anuran skin secretions do not share common ancestry with that of the vertebrate hormone but instead independently evolved multiple times from peptide toxin genes. These peptides serve a defensive function against vertebrate predators and their resemblance to BK was driven by selection for efficacy at the predators’ receptors. Our findings highlight how natural selection can drive repeated convergent evolution of similar molecules across distantly related lineages.
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